References LGBT dalam Islam

Notes

  1. ↑ di beberapa wilayah selatan
  2. ↑ dengan pengecualian wilayah Aceh dan Sumatera Selatan, di mana peraturan oleh hak-hak LGBT telah diluluskan

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., para penyunting (2012). Liwāṭ. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi 2nd). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Everett K. Rowson (2004). Richard C. Martin, penyunting. Homosexuality. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference USA. 
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 E. K. Rowson (2012). HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW. Encyclopedia Iranica. 
  4. ↑ Khaled El-Rouayheb. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World 1500–1800. m/s. 12 ff. 
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ali, Kecia (2016). Sexual Ethics And Islam. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition). m/s. 105. 
  6. 1 2 Ira M. Lapidus; Lena Salaymeh (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). m/s. 361–362. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. 
  7. 1 2 Tilo Beckers, "Islam and the Acceptance of Homosexuality," in Islam and Homosexuality, Volume 1, ed. Samar Habib, 64-65 (Praeger, 2009).
  8. 1 2 3 Shafiqa Ahmadi (2012). "Islam and Homosexuality: Religious Dogma, Colonial Rule, and the Quest for Belonging". Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development. 26 (3): 557–558. 
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "How homosexuality became a crime in the Middle East". The Economist. June 6, 2018. 
  10. ↑ "Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World" (PDF). ILGA. May 2009. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 11 August 2011. 
  11. ↑ "UK party leaders back global gay rights campaign". BBC Online. 13 September 2011. Dicapai 7 November 2013. Pada masa ini, homoseksualiti adalah haram di 76 negara, termasuk 38 dalam Komanwel. Sekurang-kurangnya lima negara - Yemen, Arab Saudi, Iran, Mauritania dan Sudan - telah menggunakan hukuman mati terhadap orang gay. 
  12. 1 2 "United Arab Emirates". Dicapai 27 October 2015. Facts as drug trafficking, homosexual behaviour, and apostasy are liable to capital punishment. 
  13. 1 2 "Man Accused of "Gay Handshake" Stands Trial in Dubai". Dicapai 27 October 2015. 
  14. ↑ Ottosson, Daniel. "State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws Prohibiting Same-Sex Activity Between Consenting Adults" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 2010-11-22. 
  15. ↑ Bearak, Max; Cameron, Darla (16 June 2016). "Analysis - Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" – melalui www.washingtonpost.com. 
  16. ↑ The official text of Article 354 in French (Code Pénal Tchad, page 20):
    Est puni d'un emprisonnement de trois mois à deux ans et d'une amende e 50.000 à 500.000 francs, quiconque a des rapports sexuels avec les personnes de son sexe.
  17. ↑ "Maldives Penal Code, s411". University of Pennsylvania. Dicapai 2018-03-07. 
  18. ↑ Anderson, Ben (2007). "The Politics of Homosexuality in Africa" (PDF). Africana. 1 (1). Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 24 July 2011. 
  19. ↑ Ottosson, Daniel (2013). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA). m/s. Page 7. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 19 July 2013. Dicapai 26 February 2016. 
  20. ↑ Ready, Freda. The Cornell Daily Sun article Retrieved on December 4, 2002
  21. ↑ "Syria: Treatment and human rights situation of homosexuals" (PDF). Dicapai 20 January 2011. 
  22. ↑ "Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)". Pakistani. Dicapai 2014-02-12. 
  23. 1 2 "In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities". The Jakarta Post. 18 March 2015. Dicapai 7 April 2015. 
  24. ↑ "Indonesia: Situation of sexual minorities, including legislation, treatment by society and authorities, state protection and support services available (2013- June 2015)". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 8 July 2015. Dicapai 18 May 2016. 
  25. ↑ Utah, The University of. "Global Justice Project: Iraq » Archive » Homosexuality and the Criminal Law in Iraq: UPDATED". Dicapai 4 August 2017. 
  26. ↑ Ottosson, Daniel (May 2009). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). m/s. Page 23. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 2009-10-29. Dicapai 2009-05-19. 
  27. ↑ Lucas Paoli Itaborahy; Jingshu Zhu (May 2014). "State-sponsored Homophobia - A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Dicapai 25 February 2016. 
  28. ↑ "Kuwait Law". ILGA Asia. 2009. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 19 July 2013. 
  29. ↑ "Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Enactment of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan". Legislationline.org. Dicapai 22 March 2016. 
  30. ↑ Nichols, Michelle; Von Ahn, Lisa (17 May 2016). "Muslim states block gay groups from U.N. AIDS meeting; U.S. protests". Reuters. Dicapai 18 May 2016. 
  31. ↑ Evans, Robert (8 March 2012). "Islamic states, Africans walk out on UN gay panel". Reuters. Dicapai 18 July 2012. 
  32. ↑ Solash, Richard (7 March 2012). "Historic UN Session On Gay Rights Marked By Arab Walkout". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Agence France-Presse. Dicapai 18 July 2012. 
  33. ↑ "South Africa leads United Nations on gay rights". MG.co.za. Dicapai 5 April 2017. 
  34. ↑ "Documento". Dicapai April 25, 2014. 
  35. ↑ "Over 80 Nations Support Statement at Human Rights Council on LGBT Rights » US Mission Geneva". Geneva.usmission.gov. Dicapai 2013-04-22. 
  36. ↑ "2016 Plan of Actions for LGBTI rights" (PDF). 
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Everett K. Rowson (2006). Jane Dammen McAuliffe, penyunting. Homosexuality. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill. m/s. 444–445. 
  38. ↑ (references 7:80–84, 11:77–83, 21:74, 22:43, 26:165–175, 27:56–59, and 29:27–33)
  39. ↑ Duran (1993) p. 179
  40. ↑ Kligerman (2007) pp. 53–54
  41. ↑ Kuggle, Scott, and Stephen Hunt."Masculinity, Homosexuality and the Defence of Islam: A Case Study of Yusuf al-Qaradawi’s Media Fatwa."Religion and Gender 2, no.2 (2012):271-272.
  42. ↑ Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New York, 1990.
  43. ↑ Wafer, Jim (1997). "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality". dalam Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature. New York University Press. m/s. 88. Dicapai 24 July 2010. 
  44. ↑ Elyse Semerdjian (2007). Jeffrey S. Siker, penyunting. Islam. Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. m/s. 132. 
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., para penyunting (1983). Liwāṭ. Encyclopaedia of Islam (edisi 2nd). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677. 
  46. ↑ Wafer, Jim (1997). "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality". dalam Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature. New York University Press. m/s. 89. Dicapai 2010-07-24. 
  47. ↑ Leaman, Oliver (2009). John L. Esposito, penyunting. Homosexuality. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. (Langganan diperlukan (bantuan)). This ambiguity is reflected in the ḥadīth of the Prophet, some of which make a distinction between the partners in a homosexual act, and many of which seem to permit homoerotic feelings, as long as those feelings are not translated into action. 
  48. ↑ Elyse Semerdjian (2008). "Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo. Syracuse University Press. m/s. 14. ISBN 9780815631736. one hadith acknowledged the temptation to indulge in sex with young men: "Do not gaze at the beardless youths, for verily they have eyes more tempting than the houris [big-eyed maidens]." 
  49. ↑ إسماعيل العجلوني(Ismail Ajlouni). كشف الخفاء ومزيل الإلباس (Kash Al-khafa). m/s. hadith no. 2997. لا تنظروا إلى المردان فإن فيهم لمحة من الحور  (cf. Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 3rd ed. p. 878: فيه لمحة من ابيه = he looks like his father)
  50. ↑ Elyse Semerdjian (2007). Jeffrey S. Siker, penyunting. Islam. Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. m/s. 131. The Prophet also issued warnings such as "do not gaze at the beardless youths, for verily they have eyes more tempting than the houris" (Wright, 7). These beardless boys are also described as wearing sumptuous robes and having perfumed hair. 
  51. ↑ Wafer, Jim (1997). "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality". dalam Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature. New York University Press. m/s. 89–90. Dicapai 24 July 2010. 
  52. ↑ Al-Hurr al-Aamili. Wasā'il al-Shīʿa وسائل الشيعة [Things of the followers] (dalam bahasa Arabic). Hadith number 34467-34481. Selenggaraan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak dikenali (link)
  53. ↑ Atighetchi, Dariusch (2007). Islamic bioethics problems and perspectives (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York: Springer Science & Business Media. m/s. 149. ISBN 9781402049620. Dicapai 13 July 2017. 
  54. 1 2 Everett K. Rowson (1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 676–677. JSTOR 603399. 
  55. ↑ John L. Esposito, penyunting (2014). Homosexuality. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
  56. 1 2 3 Peters, Rudolph (2006). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 61–62. 
  57. ↑ "IslamOnline: Should beheading be the penalty for homosexuals? - CultureWatch". BillMuehlenberg.com. Dicapai 5 April 2017. 
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leaman, Oliver (2009). John L. Esposito, penyunting. Homosexuality. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. (Langganan diperlukan (bantuan)). 
  59. 1 2 3 Omar, Sara. "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Dicapai 3 May 2013. 
  60. ↑ Kecia Ali, Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence (Oneworld Publications, 2016), xvi, 103.
  61. ↑ Ali, Kecia (2006). Sexual Ethics & Islam. Oxford, England: OneWorld Publishing. m/s. 90. ISBN 978-1-85168-456-4. 
  62. ↑ "Threats to Behead Homosexuals: Shari'ah or Politics? - Disciplinary Penalties (ta'zir) - counsels". OnIslam.net. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada March 2, 2013. Dicapai 22 April 2013. 
  63. ↑ Massad, Joseph Andoni (2007). Desiring Arabs. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 203–4. ISBN 9780226509600. 
  64. ↑ "Why Gay Marriage May Not Be Contrary To Islam". Huffingtonpost.ca. Dicapai 29 March 2014. 
  65. ↑ "The Homosexual Challenge to Muslim Ethics". LamppostProductions.com. Dicapai 29 March 2014. 
  66. ↑ "On Same-Sex Marriage". Islawmix.org. Dicapai 2014-03-29. 
  67. ↑ Kugle, Scott (2010). Homosexuality in Islam. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. m/s. 42–46. 
  68. ↑ Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims (Oneworld Publications, 2010), 54.
  69. ↑ Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, "Sexuality, diversity and ethics in the agenda of progressive Muslims" in Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, ed. Omid Safi (Oneworld Publications, 2003), 194-195.
  70. ↑ "Can Islam Accommodate Homosexual Acts? Quranic Revisionism and the Case of Scott Kugle | MuslimMatters.org". Dicapai 2017-07-31. 
  71. ↑ https://carleton.ca/religion/people/aisha-geissinger/ Aisha Geissinger
  72. ↑ Aisha Geissinger, "Islam and Discourses of Same-Sex Desire" in Queer Religion, Volume 1, eds., Donald L. Boisvert and Jay Emerson Johnson (ABC-CLIO, 2012), 70. 83.
  73. ↑ Sabine Exner (2018). "Review of Junaid Jahangir & Hussein Abdullatif's Islamic Law and Muslim Same-Sex Unions". Religion and Gender. 8 (1): 126–128. 
  74. ↑ http://www.merip.org/author/abdessamad-dialmy Abdessamad Dialmy
  75. ↑ The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care (June 15, 2010 (3):160-8. Abstract) .
  76. ↑ John Boswell (2009). Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 195–. ISBN 9780226067148. 
  77. ↑ Will Roscoe et al. (dir) (1997). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. NYU Press. m/s. 31–. ISBN 9780814769386. 
  78. ↑ Everett K., Rowson (1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society: 686. 
  79. ↑ Editors, The. "Abu Nuwas | Persian poet". Britannica.com. Dicapai 5 May 2016. 
  80. ↑ Neill, James (2008). The Origins and Role of Same-Sex Relations In Human Societies. McFarland. m/s. 308. ISBN 9780786452477. 
  81. ↑ Ritter, Hellmut (2003). Handbook of Oriental studies: Near and Middle East. 69. Brill. m/s. 309–310. 
  82. ↑ Ressaleh Delgosha, Story No. 32, Koliate Obeid Zakani, edited by Parviz Atabaki, Zavar Publication, 1384, p. 316.
  83. ↑ Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, pp. 115–16.
  84. ↑ History of the Ottoman Empire, Mohamed Farid Bey
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  86. ↑ Welch A., "Worldly and Otherworldly Love in Safavi Painting", Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars, Éditions R. Hillenbrand, Londres, 2000, p. 303 et p. 309.
  87. ↑ Daniel Eisenberg, “Homosexuality” in Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia, ed. Michael Gerli (Routledge, 2003), 398.
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  90. ↑ "Katerina Dalacoura (2014) p.4" (PDF). 
  91. ↑ Kecia Ali, Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence (Oneworld Publications, 2016), 105.
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  111. ↑ "Homosexuality and Islam". ReligionFacts. 2005-07-19. Dicapai 2010-07-24. 
  112. ↑ Fifa boss Sepp Blatter sorry for Qatar 'gay' remarks, BBC
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  116. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (June 13, 2016). "The Islamic State's shocking war on gays". The Washington Post. Dicapai February 10, 2017. 
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  126. ↑ Lowen, Mark (30 July 2009). "Albania 'to approve gay marriage'". BBC News. Dicapai 22 April 2013. 
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  131. ↑ "Al Arabiya: "Morocco sentences gay 'bride' to jail"". alarabiya.net. 12 December 2007. 
  132. ↑ "FRANCE - Concilier islam et homosexualité, le combat de Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed - France 24". France 24. 
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  135. ↑ Bradlee Dean: Keith Ellison is advancing Sharia law through ‘homosexual agenda’ retrieved 15 January 2013
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  141. ↑ Al-Mahmood, Syed Zain (2016-04-26). "Editor of Bangladesh Gay Magazine Hacked to Death in His Home". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Dicapai 2016-04-30. 
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  145. ↑ Ingraham, Christopher (June 12, 2016). "In the modern history of mass shootings in America, Orlando is the deadliest". Washington Post. 
  146. ↑ Peralta, Eyder (June 13, 2016). "Putting 'Deadliest Mass Shooting In U.S. History' Into Some Historical Context". NPR. 
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  151. 1 2 "This Is How World Leaders Are Reacting To The Orlando Gay Nightclub Shooting". BuzzFeed. Dicapai June 12, 2016. 
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  155. ↑ "Présidence de la République de Djibouti". Dicapai June 13, 2016. 
  156. ↑ "State Information Services Egypt strongly condemns Orlando shooting". sis.gov.eg. Dicapai June 22, 2016. 
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  158. ↑ "Statement by Iranian Foreign Ministry". Dicapai June 13, 2016. 
  159. ↑ "Saudi Arabia condemns Orlando shooting". June 13, 2016. Dicapai June 13, 2016. 
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  161. ↑ "Туркменистан: золотой век". Dicapai June 13, 2016. 
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  164. ↑ Cooke, Kristina; Ali, Idrees (June 13, 2016). "Muslim leaders condemn Florida massacre, brace for backlash". Reuters. Dicapai June 13, 2016. 
  165. ↑
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  167. ↑ Afshar, Paradise; Seiden, Michael (June 13, 2016). "Muslim community condemns Orlando attack, calls for blood donations". WPLG. Dicapai June 13, 2016. 
  168. ↑ Batchelor, Tom (1 May 2017). "Russian police round up LGBT activists demonstrating against persecution of gay men in Chechnya". The Independent. Dicapai 31 May 2017. 
  169. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 May 2017). "Russians Protesting Abuse of Gay Men in Chechnya Are Detained". The New York Times. Dicapai 31 May 2017. 
  170. ↑ "Information uncovered about a second prison for homosexuals in the Russian republic of Chechnya". Dicapai 16 April 2017. 
  171. ↑ Smith, Lydia (10 April 2017). "Chechnya detains 100 gay men in first concentration camps since the Holocaust". International Business Times UK. Dicapai 16 April 2017. 
  172. ↑ Reynolds, Daniel (10 April 2017). "Report: Chechnya Is Torturing Gay Men in Concentration Camps". The Advocate. Dicapai 16 April 2017. 
  173. 1 2 Milashina, Elena (1 April 2017). "Murder of honor: the ambitions of a well-known LGBT activist awake a terrible ancient custom in Chechnya". Dicapai 14 April 2017. "Novaya Gazeta" became aware of mass detentions of residents of Chechnya in connection with their unconventional sexual orientation - or suspicion of such. At the moment, more than a hundred men have been informed of the detention. "Novaya Gazeta" knows the names of the three dead, but our sources say that there are many more victims. 
  174. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 April 2017). "Chechen Authorities Arresting and Killing Gay Men, Russian Paper Says". Dicapai 15 April 2017 – melalui NYTimes.com. 
  175. ↑ "Analysis - She broke the story of Chechnya's anti-gay purge. Now, she says she has to flee Russia". Dicapai 16 April 2017. 
  176. ↑ Walker, Shaun (14 April 2017). "Journalists fear reprisals for exposing purge of gay men in Chechnya". Dicapai 15 April 2017 – melalui The Guardian. 
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